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AP Top 25: Purdue returns to top spot in men’s basketball poll

Purdue is back at No. 1 in the AP Top 25. Alabama is right behind the Boilermakers.

Purdue returned to the top spot in The Associated Press men’s college basketball poll on Monday, moving up two spots after Temple knocked off No. 1 Houston over the weekend. The Boilermakers received 39 first-place votes from a 62-person media panel after a volatile week where just two teams kept the same spot from a week ago.

Alabama climbed two spots to No. 2, picking up 23 first-place votes for its highest ranking since reaching No. 1 in 2002-03. Houston, Tennessee and Kansas State round out the top five.

Purdue (19-1, 8-1 Big Ten) had dropped to No. 3 after four weeks at No. 1 following a loss to Rutgers on Jan. 3, but has since won six straight.

Alabama (17-2, 7-0 SEC) has made a steady climb since being ranked No. 20 in the preseason AP Top 25, moving into the top 10 in early December. The Crimson Tide had lopsided wins over Missouri and Vanderbilt after Darius Miles was dismissed from the team as he faces a murder charge in a fatal shooting near campus.

Alabama coach Nate Oats reached out to former Baltimore Ravens player Ray Lewis before the Crimson Tide played Vanderbilt last week, sharing a Bible verse suggested by the Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker. Alabama ended up beating Vandy by 12 and rolled over Missouri by 21.

“I did see some guys break down postgame,” Oats said. “I think they’ve been bottling some stuff up. We’ve got a job to do. We’ve got to get to the game. We got to the game and took care of business, and then it’s almost like a big relief. The game’s over, and we can let out a sigh of relief.”

COUGARS FALL

Houston moved atop the AP Top 25 for the first time since the Phi Slama Jama of the 1980s earlier this season before a loss to Alabama dropped it back to No. 5.

The Cougars returned to No. 1 on Jan. 9, but their run ended after two weeks with Sunday’s 56-55 loss to Temple. The win was the Owls’ first over a No. 1 team since 2000.

BEATING KU

Kansas State moved up eight spots to No. 5 after outlasting rival Kansas 83-82 at Bramlage Coliseum last week. It’s the Wildcats’ highest ranking since reaching No. 3 in 2010-11.

TCU gave Kansas consecutive losses in the state for the first time since 1989 with a 23-point beatdown at Allen Fieldhouse on Saturday. It was one of Bill Self’s worst losses in 20 years as Kansas’ coach and ended the Jayhawks’ 16-game home winning streak.

The No. 14 Horned Frogs moved up three spots in this week’s poll after the win. Kansas, the defending national champion, dropped seven spots to No. 9.

RISING/FALLING

Kansas State had the week’s biggest jump, followed by No. 4 Tennessee and No. 6 Arizona each climbing five spots. No. 21 Baylor moved up four spots with wins over Texas Tech and Oklahoma.

Gonzaga had the biggest fall, losing eight places to No. 14 after Loyola Marymount ended the Zags’ 75-game home winning streak on Thursday. No. 13 Xavier dropped five spots after a one-point road loss to DePaul.

IN AND OUT

No. 22 Saint Mary’s is ranked for the first time this season after rolling over Pepperdine and Santa Clara last week. No. 25 New Mexico is back in the poll after beating San Jose State and outlasting Boise State in overtime.

A three-point loss to Michigan State knocked Rutgers out of the poll from No. 23. Arkansas dropped out from No. 25 following a loss to Missouri.

THE TOP 25

1. Purdue (39 first-place votes) 19-1

2. Alabama (23) 17-2

3. Houston 18-2

4. Tennessee 16-3

5. Kansas St 17-2

6. Arizona 17-3

7. Virginia 15-3

8. UCLA 17-3

9. Kansas 16-3

10. Texas 16-3

11. TCU 15-4

12. Iowa St. 14-4

13. Xavier 16-4

14. Gonzaga 17-4

15. Auburn 16-3

16. Marquette 16-5

17. Baylor 14-5

18. College of Charleston 21-1

19. UConn 16-5

20. Miami 15-4

21. FAU 19-1

22. Saint Mary’s 18-4

23. Providence 15-5

24. Clemson 16-4

25. New Mexico 18-2

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High school basketball: When Sides Collide recap

When you piece together and then implement a high-profile shootout for a dozen or so years, inevitably the question asked as the years go on is, “Was that the best one?”

This year’s When Sides Collide Shootout, which the City/Suburban Hoops Report helps organize, was just that. And for many reasons.

The matchups brought together the state’s elite teams. The games featuring eight state-ranked teams were terrific. The star players shined. The crowds filled the gym and the atmosphere was for everyone to enjoy.

A lot has to come together to squeeze everything you can out of an eight-team, four-game shootout, including some luck. But it all came together and delivered in a way that truly shined a spotlight on the sport.

You don’t get many of these environments anymore. Traditional high school gyms with standing-room only crowds and a constant buzz is a breath of fresh air for the high school basketball enthusiast.

Here are several takeaways from what was a pretty special day of high school basketball at Saturday’s annual When Sides Collide.

The best game

Jeremy Fears Jr. and Cameron Christie were star attractions who dazzled and looked the part of future high-major impact players in the opening two games.

The Benet crowd not only put a buzz and an endless roar in the gym but also helped fuel a Redwings upset over Kenwood in the finale.

But the best game of the bunch was the Simeon-Moline showdown. Behind the future Iowa Hawkeyes tandem of 6-10 Owen Freeman and point guard Brock Harding, Moline nearly pulled off the upset. But thanks to Wesley Rubin’s game-saving blocked shot at the buzzer, Simeon survived, holding off Moline for a 67-66 win.

Moline brought a solid fan contingent to Lisle. They made the two-hour drive, arrived early and made plenty of noise while watching their Maroons match up with basketball giant Simeon.

Those that made the trip were able to take in a high-level, heavyweight battle between Class 4A and Class 3A state-ranked title contenders. Coach Sean Taylor’s Maroons came to the Chicago area and impressed, going toe-to-toe with a perennial state power and earning a lot of respect along the way.

While sectional titles have become just a little nuisance Simeon must get past on its way to the State Finals, Moline is in search of its first sectional championship in 19 years.

The stars, the hype, the delivery

The high school basketball shootout is often star-driven. It’s a chance for basketball fans to see the state’s best talent.

Over the years the When Sides Collide Shootout has brought out the stars and big names. This year’s edition was no different. Those star players then delivered on one of the brightest stages of the season.

In the opening game of the event, Cameron Christe sparkled in scoring 31 points. Fans came out to see the future Minnesota Golden Gopher and were able to watch live the high-level shot-making ability the versatile 6-6 guard displays. Christie does things offensively others just can’t do which is why he’s headed to the Big Ten.

While Christie showcased his offensive arsenal, Brother Rice’s Ahmad Henderson, a top 20 prospect in the senior class, did what he’s so comfortable doing: playing big when it matters most.

The 5-9 point guard scored 10 consecutive points during a pivotal stretch of the fourth quarter. In propelling the Crusaders to their 20th win of the season, he finished with 20 points in the 64-59 win.

Fears, Jr., was a force in Joliet West’s win over Young. The Michigan State-bound point guard is an absolute bull with his physicality and powerful athleticism. He plays with a bravado that exudes a driven confidence. He made threes, dunked, attacked defenders and got to the line en route to 28 points.

And the Moline duo headed to Iowa? All eyes were on Freeman and Harding and they didn’t disappoint.

While Harding was instrumental in Moline’s second half comeback with key threes, some table-setting for teammates and scoring 16 points, it was Freeman who was a constant difference-maker against Simeon.

Freeman boasts the type of mobility and body that college coaches love to work with. He finished with dunks, dropped in a left-handed jump-hook, played with assertiveness and continues to show he’s not a finished product while still producing — to the tune of 25 points.

Underrated star and unsung hero

For a team ranked No. 2 in late January and fresh off a win over the previously No. 1 ranked team, Benet’s personnel is still a relative unknown to the general high school basketball fan base. In that sense, the Redwings remain a rather nameless group.

I’ve talked to more than one coach that’s played Benet this season, each talking about the team in glowing terms, but also unable to name a player. They can only reference the player by his uniform number.

Niko Abusara, the highly-athletic 6-4 senior, is a Division I player. He’s headed to Dartmouth and has been one of the cornerstone players in this 22-1 start. Abusara gives coach Gene Heidkamp parts of a team he desperately needs: size and length, athleticism, rebounding and a secondary ballhandler as he can slide over and play point guard minutes.

But beyond Abusara there is an underrated star and, in the win over Kenwood, an unsung hero.

It’s been stated here before that Brayden Fagbemi is the state’s most underrated star. Yes, he’s a star — just without the monster numbers.

With elite ball-handling ability, Fagbemi is a wizard with the ball in his hands, which bodes well when the state’s best teams continue to throw constant pressure Benet’s way. But his impact on games as a poised playmaker is immeasurable. He’s adept at reading defenses and not only setting up teammates but defenders with misdirection and a change of pace. Plus, he will knock down shots.

But on Saturday night on his home floor, before a full house in the finale of When Sides Collide, it was an unsung player, Brady Kunka, who had the game of his life.

Kunka is a competitive 6-2 wing who plays with an understated tenacity. He brings a physicality to the floor and goes about his business in a mature, professional manner.

Typically he supports the leading roles Abusara and Fagbemi play while still producing in his own way. In the win over Kenwood he was terrific, scoring a game-high 26 points while knocking down five three-pointers.

This Joliet West team is a legitimate state threat

Joliet West is a team that began the season in the top 10. The Tigers remain in the top 10 with some marquee wins on the r?sum?. But it’s a team that’s had a hiccup or two in solidifying itself as a true state contender.

And with its double-digit home loss to Oswego East last week, it also appeared the gap between Joliet West and the rest of the pack in the Bolingbrook Sectional had closed. Having watched Joliet West in its Friday win over Yorkville the day before the When Sides Collide Shootout — even in victory — that appeared to be more true than ever.

When watching the top teams play over the course of the season, you’re always searching for how high the ceiling is when the team plays at its highest level. How good are they in their peak performances?

The Joliet West team that played Saturday and beat Young is one that can play and beat anyone in the state. In the five or six times I’ve watched Joliet West this season, it was by far the best and most complete game it’s played.

Fears Jr., is the unquestioned go-to player while his younger brother Jeremiah Fears is a pretty dynamic sidekick. But the play this past weekend of junior Justus McNair provides a major boost for coach Jeremy Kreiger’s Tigers.

McNair scored 17 points and shot it well from three in a win over Yorkville on Friday. He followed it up with 17 points and 10 rebounds — and one resounding follow-up dunk — in beating Young on Saturday.

The rest of the When Sides Collide rundown

? Following a Friday night loss to Loyola, Brother Rice came in ranked in the top 10 but badly in need of a bounce-back win. And what an important bounce-back win and performance it was for the Crusaders.

For a team that continues to prep for what will be a rugged sectional, Saturday’s effort and result was the perfect recipe for reclaiming season momentum quickly. The star, Ahmad Henderson, came through, but the play and progress of 6-7 junior Zavier Fitch was a big positive. Fitch, always an underclassman with a high upside, played assertive and finished with 12 points.

? The array of games Kenwood played in succession over the course of three straight nights was a pretty incredible experience for their players. Yes, the Broncos went 0-3. But coach Mike Irvin said in the locker room Saturday night he wouldn’t change a thing. And he shouldn’t have.

Kenwood’s players were able to take on a neighborhood rival in a thriller Thursday night, losing to Hyde Park in overtime.

They then played on the campus of DePaul and faced one of the top teams in the country and arguably the best player in the nation, DJ Wagner, Friday night.

The Broncos then had the opportunity to play Saturday night at Benet in what was one of those unique, once-in-a-lifetime environments. It was electric and raucous all night long and will surely make them better going forward.

? Simeon’s Jalen Griffith continues to be a true catalyst for coach Robert Smith; the diminutive point guard scored 16 points in the win over Moline. And Griffith continues to show he is deserving of more college interest.

Small guards will scare off some at the college level, but Griffith is tough for defenders to keep in front of them. He constantly putting pressure on opposing defenses in a controlled manner. He’s a quick decision-maker on the break and thrives in transition. But he’s made his biggest improvement in the hallfcourt. There is a spot somewhere for Griffith at the low-major Division I level.

? The continued production and confidence growth for sophomore Antonio Munoz is encouraging for Young. The athletic 6-6 Munoz started fast and finished with a team-high 15 points in the loss to Joliet West. Munoz is without a doubt one of the top players in the Class of 2025.

? Benet continues to put its best foot forward in hosting the annual When Sides Collide Shootout. The organization, hospitableness and attention to detail stands out.

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Northwestern shuffles men’s basketball schedule, will play Wisconsin Monday night

The Wisconsin-Northwestern basketball game that didn’t take place as scheduled Saturday due to COVID-19 health and safety protocols will happen on Monday instead at Welsh-Ryan Arena.

Officials from the two schools announced the rescheduled date Sunday. The game will take place Monday at 5:30 p.m. Central time at Northwestern and will air on Big Ten Network.

Northwestern (12-5, 3-3 Big Ten) also announced that it will play at Nebraska (10-10, 3-6) on Wednesday at 6 p.m. Central time. That game, which originally was scheduled for Tuesday, will be televised on FS2.

Wisconsin (12-5, 4-3) will still play at Maryland (12-7, 3-5) on Wednesday as scheduled.

Northwestern already had rescheduled a game at Iowa that was supposed to take place Jan. 18. That game now is set for Jan. 31 at Iowa.

All distributed tickets for the originally scheduled Wisconsin-Northwestern matchup will be valid for the game on Monday.

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Coming off a win in Paris, the Chicago Bulls are opening up a stretch of games on Monday that could play a big role in potential playoff seeding.

It’s a small sample size, but the Bulls have won two games in a row; one coming over Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors and the other overseas against the Pistons. Riding two victories, Chicago now faces a slate of very winnable games over their next four.

At 21-24, the Bulls currently occupy the 10 seed in the Eastern Conference. But, with the East being so close, only 3.0 games separate them from the no. 6 seed Miami Heat.

If Chicago was to win their next four games, they could climb the standings in a hurry. Their upcoming slate starts with a matchup against Atlanta which will also serve as DeMar DeRozan’s 1,000th career game.

The Chicago Bulls’ next four games

1/23 vs. Atlanta Hawks

1/24 @ Indiana Pacers

1/26 @ Charlotte Hornets

1/28 @ Orlando Magic

At the moment, only the Hawks have a winning record at 24-23, but have suddenly started playing a little better brand of basketball, winning 7 of 10.

The Pacers, meanwhile, have lost seven straight and look all out of sorts.

The Hornets and Magic are both way down there in the Eastern Conference standings with a couple of the worst records in basketball.

Let’s say the Bulls are able to win these four games and end up at 25-24. There is a realistic possibility of Chicago jumping up two or three spots to either the no. 8 or no. 7 seed in the East, depending on how the New York Knicks also finish out their week (currently 25-22).

The Bulls have shown the ability to play good ball this year at times, and thus don’t seem likely to make any major moves before the trade deadline that’s coming up. At one point, some thought the team could blow it up, or at the very least try to trade Nikola Vucevic who’s in the last year of his contract.

For now, Chicago looks like they will try and make their way into the postseason, and this stretch might just be the momentum swing they need.

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Squirrel Flower braces herself for love’s unbridled force on new single “Your Love”

Ella Williams, the Massachusetts-born musician who makes music as Squirrel Flower, released her first EP, Early Winter Songs From Middle America, while attending Grinnell College in 2015, and she’s been steadily touring ever since. After graduation, she moved back to Boston to make her way in the DIY scene, and she soon turned heads with stunning back-to-back albums, 2020’s I Was Born Swimming and 2021’s Planet (i), both released through Polyvinyl. She moved to Chicago in 2021, and since then she’s seamlessly settled into the city’s tight-knit music scene, even joining tours with local bands, including Tenci, Mia Joy, and Whitney. Squirrel Flower’s latest single, “Your Love,” is a full-band reimagining of the softer, more stripped-down track “Your Love Is a Disaster” from last year’s Planet EP. Here, Williams steadies herself against the sharp gut punch of new love, her voice careening over fuzzed-out guitar and a punchy drumbeat. Bursting at the seams with layers of vocal harmonies, pedal steel, and a twangy guitar solo from MJ Lenderman, “Your Love” is a nervous reckoning with the pain of love as much as it is a ringing celebration of desire. 

Williams’s songs often toe this line, creating a staggering balance between decay and absolute comfort. Through these extremes, she manages to unearth bright, unclouded insights about herself and her most intimate relationships. Onstage, this clarity lends Williams a certain sternness; she often sets her face with a calm and unsmiling reserve. While she holds chaos and catastrophe close in her songs, beneath the surface there’s a taut and aching longing for connection, no matter the price. To love is to face the sharpest razor’s edge, but Williams convinces us that the risk is worth it. How far would you go to feel close to someone again?

Squirrel Flower Dearly Somber and Soft and Dumb open. Thu 1/26, 9 PM, Sleeping Village, $20, $18 in advance. 21+


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Squirrel Flower braces herself for love’s unbridled force on new single “Your Love”Tasha Viets-VanLearon January 23, 2023 at 12:00 pm

Ella Williams, the Massachusetts-born musician who makes music as Squirrel Flower, released her first EP, Early Winter Songs From Middle America, while attending Grinnell College in 2015, and she’s been steadily touring ever since. After graduation, she moved back to Boston to make her way in the DIY scene, and she soon turned heads with stunning back-to-back albums, 2020’s I Was Born Swimming and 2021’s Planet (i), both released through Polyvinyl. She moved to Chicago in 2021, and since then she’s seamlessly settled into the city’s tight-knit music scene, even joining tours with local bands, including Tenci, Mia Joy, and Whitney. Squirrel Flower’s latest single, “Your Love,” is a full-band reimagining of the softer, more stripped-down track “Your Love Is a Disaster” from last year’s Planet EP. Here, Williams steadies herself against the sharp gut punch of new love, her voice careening over fuzzed-out guitar and a punchy drumbeat. Bursting at the seams with layers of vocal harmonies, pedal steel, and a twangy guitar solo from MJ Lenderman, “Your Love” is a nervous reckoning with the pain of love as much as it is a ringing celebration of desire. 

Williams’s songs often toe this line, creating a staggering balance between decay and absolute comfort. Through these extremes, she manages to unearth bright, unclouded insights about herself and her most intimate relationships. Onstage, this clarity lends Williams a certain sternness; she often sets her face with a calm and unsmiling reserve. While she holds chaos and catastrophe close in her songs, beneath the surface there’s a taut and aching longing for connection, no matter the price. To love is to face the sharpest razor’s edge, but Williams convinces us that the risk is worth it. How far would you go to feel close to someone again?

Squirrel Flower Dearly Somber and Soft and Dumb open. Thu 1/26, 9 PM, Sleeping Village, $20, $18 in advance. 21+


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Squirrel Flower braces herself for love’s unbridled force on new single “Your Love”Tasha Viets-VanLearon January 23, 2023 at 12:00 pm Read More »

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The Chicago Bears had a rough season. Part of the reason it was rough was because of the fact that Justin Fields had no help on offense. His offensive line was terrible and his weapons were almost as bad.

They desperately need to work this off-season to get him the help that he needs to take a step in the right direction. If they don’t, the 2023 season might be equally as hard for him and the offense.

One weapon that may become available for the Bears to consider is Stefon Diggs. He is one of the best receivers in the NFL and can help any team he plays for become more explosive. A dynamic receiver like that doesn’t come around every day.

He didn’t seem too happy with the loss that the Buffalo Bulls had to the Cincinnati Bengals on Sunday afternoon. He left the locker room with his belongings before the coaches even made it back which is not a good sign.

Stefon Diggs left Bills locker room with his belongings before most coaches even made it to the tunnel, per @JoeBuscaglia

RB Duke Johnson brought Diggs back to the locker room but the WR then left moments later pic.twitter.com/DlxwZl83fU

— Bleacher Report (@BleacherReport) January 23, 2023

Diggs is a wonderful player but you have to wonder if he remains with the team through the entire off-season. He may even force his way out as he did with the Minnesota Vikings. That might turn some people off but this guy is obsessed with winning.

The Bears might not be in a better situation than Buffalo but they might as well try if he does in fact request a trade. If he is available, the Chicago Bears might be able to get him with one of these three trade packages:

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The offseason is about to get blown into full-force here in a few weeks. For now, we’re down to just a handful of teams still in it, but the Chicago Bears have been in offseason mode for a while now.

The Jacksonville Jaguars were eliminated this past weekend after making it further than most gave them any chance to make it, and the future looks bright for Doug Pederson’s crew.

The Bears are trying to make a similar jump with another 2021 quarterback who knows a thing or two about Trevor Lawrence.

Justin Fields has known Lawrence for years, and he is likely chomping at the bit to see the Bears make a jump like the Jaguars did last year. If Chicago wants to try and coax talent away from Jacksonville this offseason, they could do so by looking at three particular free agents, starting with a guy that could help protect Fields.

Jaguars free agents the Chicago Bears could pursue: OT Jawaan Taylor

The Bears’ top priority this offseason is getting guys who can protect Justin Fields up front. Of course, they need to add weapons. But, first order of business is protecting Fields. That’s it.

A second-round pick in 2019, Jawaan Taylor has started every game for the Jaguars since entering the league. The 27-year-old should be wanted back in Jacksonville strictly because of his pass-blocking prowess. That’s by far and away his top trait.

Taylor does struggle in the run game, and that’s something the Bears would hope they could help improve with the right coaching. But, as a pass-blocker, Taylor is excellent. If this offseason is all about keeping Fields upright, Taylor would be a fine signing and could start at the other tackle position opposite Braxton Jones going forward.

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Confidential document reveals key human role in ShotSpotter gunfire detection system

CHICAGO — In more than 140 cities across the United States, ShotSpotter’s artificial intelligence algorithm and intricate network of microphones evaluate hundreds of thousands of sounds a year to determine if they are gunfire, generating data now being used in criminal cases nationwide.

But a confidential ShotSpotter document obtained by The Associated Press outlines something the company doesn’t always tout about its “precision policing system” — that human employees can quickly overrule and reverse the algorithm’s determinations, and are given broad discretion to decide if a sound is a gunshot, fireworks, thunder or something else.

Such reversals happen 10% of the time by a 2021 company account, which experts say could bring subjectivity into increasingly consequential decisions and conflict with one of the reasons AI is used in law-enforcement tools in the first place — to lessen the role of all-too-fallible humans.

“I’ve listened to a lot of gunshot recordings — and it is not easy to do,” said Robert Maher, a leading national authority on gunshot detection at Montana State University who reviewed the ShotSpotter document. “Sometimes it is obviously a gunshot. Sometimes it is just a ping, ping, ping … and you can convince yourself it is a gunshot.”

Marked “WARNING: CONFIDENTIAL,” the 19-page operations document spells out how employees in ShotSpotter’s review centers should listen to recordings and assess the algorithm’s finding of likely gunfire based upon a series of factors that may require judgment calls, including whether the sound has the cadence of gunfire, whether the audio pattern looks like “a sideways Christmas tree” and if there is “100% certainty of gunfire in reviewer’s mind.”

ShotSpotter said in a statement to the AP that the human role is a positive check on the algorithm and the “plain-language” document reflects the high standards of accuracy its reviewers must meet.

“Our data, based on the review of millions of incidents, proves that human review adds value, accuracy and consistency to a review process that our customers — and many gunshot victims — depend on,” said Tom Chittum, the company’s vice president of analytics and forensic services.

Chittum added that the company’s expert witnesses have testified in 250 court cases in 22 states, and that its “97% aggregate accuracy rate for real-time detections across all customers” has been verified by an analytics firm the company commissioned.

Another part of the document underscores ShotSpotter’s longstanding emphasis on speed and decisiveness, and its commitment to classify sounds in less than a minute and alert local police and 911 dispatchers so they can send officers to the scene.

Titled “Adopting a New York State of Mind,” it refers to New York Police Department’s request of ShotSpotter to avoid posting alerts of sounds as “probable gunfire” — only definitive classifications as gunfire or non-gunfire.

“End result: It trains the reviewer to be decisive and accurate in their classification and attempts to remove a doubtful publication,” the document reads.

Experts say such guidance under tight time pressure could encourage ShotSpotter reviewers to err in favor of categorizing a sound as a gunshot, even if some evidence for it falls short, potentially boosting the numbers of false positives.

“You’re not giving your humans much time,” said Geoffrey Morrison, a voice-recognition scientist based in Britain who specializes in forensics processes. “And when humans are under great pressure, the possibility of mistakes is higher.”

ShotSpotter says it published 291,726 gunfire alerts to clients in 2021. That same year, in comments to AP appended to a previous story, ShotSpotter said more than 90% of the time its human reviewers agreed with the machine classification, but the company invested in its team of reviewers “for the 10% of the time where they disagree with the machine.” ShotSpotter did not respond to questions on whether that ratio still holds true.

ShotSpotter’s operations document, which the company argued in court for more than a year was a trade secret, was recently released from a protective order in a Chicago court case in which police and prosecutors used ShotSpotter data as evidence in charging a Chicago grandfather with murder in 2020 for allegedly shooting a man inside his car. Michael Williams spent nearly a year in jail before a judge dismissed the case because of insufficient evidence.

Evidence in Williams’ pretrial hearings showed ShotSpotter’s algorithm initially classified a noise picked up by microphones as a firecracker, making that determination with 98% confidence. But a ShotSpotter reviewer who assessed the sound quickly relabeled it as a gunshot.

The Cook County Public Defender’s Office says the operations document was the only paperwork ShotSpotter sent in response to multiple subpoenas for any guidelines, manuals or other scientific protocols. The publicly traded company has long resisted calls to open its operations to independent scientific scrutiny.

Fremont, Calif.-based ShotSpotter acknowledged to AP it has other “comprehensive training and operational materials” but deems them “confidential and trade secret.”

ShotSpotter installed its first sensors in Redwood City, Calif., in 1996, and for years relied solely on local 911 dispatchers and police to review each potential gunshot until adding its own human reviewers in 2011.

Paul Greene, a ShotSpotter employee who testifies frequently about the system, explained in a 2013 evidentiary hearing that staff reviewers addressed issues with a system that “has been known from time to time to give false positives” because “it doesn’t have an ear to listen.”

“Classification is the hardest element of the process,” Greene said in the hearing. “Simply because we do not have … control over the environment in which the shots are fired.”

Greene added that the company likes to hire ex-military and former police officers familiar with firearms, as well as musicians because they “tend to have a more developed ear.” Their training includes listening to hundreds of audio samples of gunfire and even visits to rifle ranges to familiarize themselves with the characteristics of gun blasts.

As cities have weighed the system’s promise against its price tag — which can reach $95,000 per square mile per year — company employees have explained in detail how its acoustic sensors on utility poles and light posts pick up loud pops, booms or bangs and then filter the sounds through an algorithm that automatically classifies whether they’re gunfire or something else.

But until now, little has been known about the next step: how ShotSpotter’s human reviewers in Washington, D.C., and the San Francisco Bay Area decide what is a gunshot versus any other noise, 24 hours a day.

“Listening to the audio downloads are important,” according to the document written by David Valdez, a former police officer and now-retired supervisor of one of ShotSpotter’s review centers. “Sometimes the audio is compelling for gunfire that they may override all other characteristics.”

One part of the decision-making that has changed since the document was written in 2021 is whether reviewers can consider if the algorithm had a “high confidence” the sound was a gunshot. ShotSpotter said the company stopped showing the algorithm’s confidence rating to reviewers in June 2022 “to prioritize other elements that are more highly correlated to accurate human-trained assessment.”

ShotSpotter CEO Ralph Clark has said that the system’s machine classifications are improved by its “real-world feedback loops from humans.”

However, a recent study found humans tend to overestimate their abilities to identify sounds.

The 2022 study published in the peer-reviewed journal Forensic Science International looked at how well human listeners identified voices compared to voice-recognition tools. It found all the human listeners performed worse than the voice system alone, saying the findings should lead to the elimination of human listeners in court cases whenever possible.

“Would that be the case with ShotSpotter? Would the ShotSpotter system plus the reviewer outperform the system alone?” asked Morrison, who was one of seven researchers who conducted the study.

“I don’t know. But ShotSpotter should do validation to demonstrate that.”

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Making beautiful music together

Violins for sale at Sapp Violin in Batavia.

Three factors determine the price of a violin, Mel Sapp explained, just as I was leaving the bright, airy shop she and her husband Greg run in Batavia: one is workmanship. Two, materials. And three, the name of the luthier who built it.

“You notice I didn’t say, ‘sound,'” she added. “Sound is subjective. You can change it.”

Indeed, most masterpiece instruments of old –by Amati, Guernari, Stradivari — have been modernized over the years, their necks and fingerboards lengthened, to bring them into line with current musical tastes.

I am not in the market for a violin, alas. But I visited Sapp Violins earlier this month because of a quip. When the shaky future of journalism is being discussed, with what colleagues I yet retain in a rapidly contracting profession, I’ll sometimes attempt to both sound a positive note and move the conversation along by observing, “They still make violins.”

Meaning, even antique trades thrive, for some.

Though it got me wondering: How is the violin business doing? Chicago, being home to one of the world’s great orchestras, is unsurprisingly also a center of violin craftsmanship. After I visited Sapp, the January Chicago magazine took an in-depth look at John Becker, the Fine Arts Building luthier to the multi-million dollar instruments of musical stars such as Joshua Bell, the article by Elly Fishman itself a finely constructed marvel.

So how does one get into the violin making biz?

Gregory Sapp has made violins for over 40 years.

Photo by Neil Steinberg

Greg Sapp was a music education major at Duquesne University in the mid-1970s when he had a realization that often comes to those whose ambitions lie in the arts.

“This isn’t going to work.”

Luckily, senior year, he had a class with the very 1970s name, “Creative Personality.” His final project was constructing an Eastern European folk instrument called a “prim.”

“It’s kind of like a mandolin,” Greg said, pointing to the ur-instrument, displayed on the wall. “I was the only one in my class that made something so functional.”

That wasn’t a complete accident — his father was a woodworker and singer.

Greg moved to Chicago in 1978 to attend the Kenneth Warren & Son School of Violin Making (now the Chicago School of Violin Making). He also bumped into Mel, whose car had broken down and needed a lift to the train station. When Greg told her he was going to violin school, Mel, who’d known her share of prevaricating creeps, assumed he was lying.

“How do I find these guys?” she asked herself.

Now Greg, 69, divides his time between building and repairing violins, and Mel does the books. Business is solid — they have three employees. Aubrey Alexander was busy at work when I visited.

Aubrey Alexander, a violin maker at Sapp Violins in Batavia, uses a plastic liner and counterform to keep the top plate of a violin stable while she works on it. She also fishes. “Pretty much all I do is make violins, and I fish and make coffee,” she said.

Photo by Neil Steinberg

“I’ve always been more in tune with the violin, no pun intended,” said Alexander, explaining her choice of profession. “I don’t do well with people so much.”

How did she get started?

“When I was 8 years old my mom took me with her to pick up my sister’s violin when it was repaired. I was instantly fascinated by the tools and the instruments,” said Alexander, 39. “When I later started taking lessons I was always more interested in my cello and how it worked, rather than actually playing it.”

And what does it feel like, to create a violin with your hands?

“I start to associate a personality with the instruments,” she said. “They take on a personality of their own. I name the instrument. I gender them. This one’s a boy. That one’s a girl.”

How can she tell? A fraught question nowadays. It isn’t as if you can flip a violin over and check.

“It’s more about the feeling and how I interact with the instruments,” she said. “If it’s giving me a lot of trouble, it’s a boy.”

The vast majority of her instruments identify as girls. Her last cello, for instance, was named “Ophelia,” after the Lumineers song.

The Sapps also tend to anthropomorphize their instruments.

Violins “sulk.” They wait for buyers like puppies in a pet store. “Some instruments like kids better than others,” Mel said. The violins choose their eventual owners like wands in a Harry Potter book.

“The way I look at it, these instruments are all waiting for their person,” she said.

Working with stringed instruments is a protracted process — constructing a violin can take years (new projects tend to get put aside in favor of more pressing repairs, which themselves can take months). A violinmaker is seldom rushed. I wondered if hobbies are necessary and, if so, what Alexander does to relax from violinmaking. She told me she loves to fish, particularly bass fishing — she is from East Texas after all.

“When I’m not up to my elbows in wood shavings, I’m up to my elbows in lily pads,” she said. “Pretty much all I do is make violins, and I fish and make coffee.”

Speaking of wood. The top of a violin is spruce, the back, sides, neck and scroll are maple. The two types of wood, soft spruce and hard maple, combine to create an ideal sound. Along with a healthy dose of time.

While aging wood is important — Sapp pays hundreds of dollars apiece for small pieces of lumber that have sat for decades — everyone agrees that once constructed, violins need to be played to keep their sound fresh.

Playing “keeps it doing what it needs to be doing,” Greg said.

That sounds almost spiritual, I observed.

“Oh, This is juju personified,” Mel said with a laugh.

And on that note — sorry, couldn’t resist — we reach our fine, pronounced fee-nay, the musical term for the end of a composition.

Aubrey Alexander’s name peeks from within a violin she constructed. She considers her instruments male or female, and gives them names.

Photo by Neil Steinberg

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